SpaceX Starship Full Reusability & Valuation: The Ultimate Space Industry Investment Guide

SpaceX Starship Full Reusability Technology Analysis & Company Valuation: Space Industry Investment Strategy

SpaceX Starship Technology & Company Valuation Overview

1. Analysis of Starship Development & Technology

Rocket Reusability Technology

SpaceX’s Starship is a super-heavy launch vehicle under development aiming for complete reusability of all rocket stages. Unlike the Falcon 9 rocket, which only recovered the first-stage booster, Starship is designed to reuse both the first-stage Super Heavy booster and the second-stage spacecraft. Notably, instead of using landing legs, the booster is caught mid-air by large mechanical arms mounted on the launch tower—a groundbreaking recovery method. In a 2024 test, SpaceX successfully demonstrated catching a returning booster, proving the feasibility of this concept. The second stage Starship uses heat shield tiles on its side to endure atmospheric reentry, descending in a belly-flop configuration with four flaps to control its attitude. Just before landing, the Raptor engines reignite to flip the vehicle vertically and perform a propulsive landing, enabling the entire rocket to be recovered in one piece. Achieving full reusability is expected to dramatically reduce launch costs—potentially to a fraction of current levels—allowing higher launch frequency and improved economics.

Launch Performance & Raptor Propulsion System

Starship is poised to be the most powerful launch vehicle in existence. It stands about 120 meters tall with a 9-meter diameter and, when fully fueled, weighs around 5,000 tons. The first-stage booster (Super Heavy) is equipped with 33 next-generation Raptor engines, and the second-stage Starship has 6 Raptors, for a total of 39 engines. Raptor engines utilize liquid methane (CH₄) and liquid oxygen (LOX) in a full-flow staged combustion cycle—making them the first operational engines to fly using this highly efficient but technically challenging design. Earlier attempts, such as the Soviet RD-270 or the US IPD program, never reached operational status. Each Raptor provides roughly 230 tons (2.25 MN) of thrust, yielding about 7,350 tons (73.5 MN) of total thrust when all 33 engines on the booster ignite—more than twice that of the Saturn V’s first stage. Future upgrades could increase total thrust to between 8,000 and 9,800 tons. With such power, Starship can carry massive payloads to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the Moon, and even Mars. The vehicle also incorporates “hot-staging,” igniting the second-stage engines before booster separation to minimize propulsion losses and potentially increase payload capacity by around 10%. In short, Starship’s propulsion technology and launch architecture set new benchmarks for rocket performance.

Orbital Insertion & Return System

Starship is a two-stage rocket: the first-stage booster provides initial acceleration, then separates, allowing the second-stage spacecraft to reach orbit under its own power. For extended missions, such as travel to the Moon or Mars, Starship can be refueled in low Earth orbit by dedicated tanker Starships. For instance, traveling to Mars requires more fuel than a single launch can carry, so multiple tanker Starships would sequentially dock in orbit to transfer propellant to the main vehicle. Elon Musk has estimated that a fully fueled Starship en route to Mars might need around 8 additional launches, while NASA anticipates up to 16 consecutive launches for partially refueling a lunar Starship. Once refueled, Starship reignites its engines to depart Earth orbit and heads toward its target celestial body. On airless bodies like the Moon, it slows and lands using retropropulsion alone. On planets with atmospheres such as Earth or Mars, it employs thermal shielding on its underside for reentry, followed by aerodynamic braking in a belly-flop attitude with four flaps adjusting its descent. Near the surface, the engines relight using fuel from header tanks, flipping the craft to a vertical position and touching down softly. This ambitious technique extends experience gained from Falcon 9 booster landings, pushing boundaries to safely land a much larger spacecraft with minimal extra fuel. The first-stage booster also reignites its engines post-separation to decelerate, returning to a designated landing zone where a tower arm “catches” it mid-air without traditional landing gear. If this system works reliably, both stages can be rapidly refurbished, refueled, and relaunched, akin to how an airplane lands and quickly takes off again—promising unprecedented launch cadence and reduced costs in human spaceflight history.

Cargo & Crew Capacity

Starship’s large size and tremendous thrust enable it to carry enormous payloads or numerous crew members. According to SpaceX, Starship can deliver about 100–150 tons to LEO in a single launch— making it unrivaled in payload mass capability. Factoring in costs, it could significantly lower the price per kilogram of payload. Its payload volume exceeds 1,000 cubic meters—comparable to the internal pressurized volume of the ISS (~916 m³)—allowing deployment of massive satellite constellations, large space telescopes, or entire space station modules. Starship can also be modified for different missions: a cargo variant (Starship Cargo) for satellites, a lunar lander variant (Starship HLS) for NASA’s Artemis program, and a crewed variant for space tourism or Mars colonization. The crewed version is envisioned to carry between a few dozen to up to 100 astronauts, with life support and habitats for extended space travel, plus dual airlocks for extravehicular activities on the lunar surface. The Human Landing System (HLS) variant for NASA’s lunar missions will include large crew cabins, a landing/launch system, external elevators, and airlocks for surface exploration. Thus, Starship is intended to be a multipurpose spacecraft that can handle cargo and human exploration, from the Moon to Mars.

Current Development Stage & Major Test Flights

The Starship program has progressed via incremental prototypes and test flights. In 2019, a smaller test vehicle known as Starhopper performed a 150 m hop, kicking off a series of high-altitude flights in 2020–2021. Prototypes SN8 through SN11 climbed to around 10–12 km before attempting powered landings, many of which ended in explosions but yielded crucial data. In May 2021, SN15 successfully completed the high-altitude flight and landed without incident, demonstrating the viability of reusable rocket technology. SpaceX then moved toward integrated flights with both the first-stage booster and second-stage Starship. On April 20, 2023, the first fully stacked Starship (Integrated Flight Test-1) was launched. It ascended to about 39 km altitude before engine failures led to loss of attitude control, prompting a Flight Termination System (FTS) activation. Although not a full success, it achieved key milestones like clearing the launch pad and going supersonic. On November 18, 2023, SpaceX conducted IFT-2, the second integrated test flight. This time, all 33 booster engines ignited successfully, and hot-staging separation between booster and second stage worked as intended. However, engine failures on the returning booster caused an explosion near 90 km altitude, and the second stage, though reaching about 149 km (technically in space), also terminated before achieving orbit. Still, the test validated significant improvements from IFT-1, achieving stage separation and near-space altitudes. In March 2024, the third integrated test flight (IFT-3) took place, attempting booster recovery, orbital flight, and in-space propellant transfer. Notably, Starship successfully transferred cryogenic propellant from its header tanks to main tanks on-orbit for the first time. However, communication was lost during reentry, preventing full second-stage recovery. As of early 2025, SpaceX is refining engine performance, reinforcing launch infrastructure, and preparing for large-scale Starlink V2 deployments and NASA’s HLS test flights. After a few more test flights, Starship could soon become operational for real missions.

Future Technology Roadmap

SpaceX envisions Starship as a universal space transportation system spanning LEO to Mars. In the near term, Elon Musk has stated goals of producing and launching dozens of Starships per year to accelerate testing and achieve full orbital reusability in as little as 1–2 years. Ongoing improvements target Raptor engine thrust and restart reliability, airframe weight reduction, enhanced thermal protection, and rapid launch site turnover. By 2024–2025, SpaceX plans to begin commercial satellite deployments with Starship, especially their next-generation Starlink constellations, launching potentially dozens or hundreds of satellites in one go. If these large-scale launches prove economically successful, Starship will demonstrate unmatched cost-effective heavy-lift capability. Another critical milestone is NASA’s Artemis program. In 2021, NASA awarded SpaceX a ~$2.9B contract to develop a Starship-based Human Landing System (HLS) for lunar missions. Starting around 2025, Artemis III aims to land astronauts on the Moon’s south pole using Starship HLS, with unmanned test landings and incremental checks beforehand. NASA plans to continue using commercial lunar landers like Starship for a sustained presence on the Moon by around 2027. This close collaboration with the U.S. government boosts Starship development and ensures a stable demand for such vehicles. Looking further ahead, SpaceX’s ultimate vision is Mars colonization. Musk intends to transport large numbers of humans and cargo to Mars, establishing a settlement. Achieving that will require round-trip flights and in-situ fuel production on Mars (ISRU). By the late 2020s, SpaceX aims to send unmanned cargo Starships to build initial infrastructure, followed by a first crewed Mars landing in the early 2030s, per the company’s internal roadmap. In 2022, Musk mentioned on Twitter that humans could arrive on Mars as early as 2029. Though schedules may shift due to technical and financial challenges, Starship’s rapid advancement could soon pave humanity’s path beyond the Moon and toward Mars.

2. Starship Development Pace & Timeline for Lunar/Martian Exploration

Recent Test Flight Successes & Failures

Starship’s disruptive innovations inevitably involve trial and error—an embodiment of SpaceX’s “fail fast and iterate” approach. As mentioned, numerous high-altitude prototypes exploded upon landing, but each yielded invaluable data, culminating in SN15’s successful landing. The first orbital-class flight test in April 2023 lost multiple engines and failed stage separation, resulting in a launch pad explosion. Nonetheless, the second integrated flight test (November 2023) achieved significant milestones, including simultaneous engine ignition and stage separation, marking a partial success. Although the second stage did not achieve orbit, it soared to about 150 km, effectively reaching space for Starship’s inaugural flight beyond Earth’s atmosphere. The third test in March 2024 demonstrated on-orbit refueling and reentry procedures, further pushing capabilities. Overall, Starship’s track record can be summarized as “success within failure,” with each issue corrected swiftly for the next flight—a remarkable development speed compared to traditional aerospace norms. However, environmental and regulatory pauses cannot be overlooked. After the first orbital attempt, the FAA mandated a thorough investigation and modifications to the launch pad system, causing a seven-month gap before the second test. SpaceX’s culture of celebrating success while tolerating failure under strict timelines accelerates Starship’s progress but also faces real-world constraints in safety and regulations.

Factors Driving Rapid Development & Remaining Challenges

Several factors propel Starship’s swift progress: massive capital investment and agile development practices stand out. Elon Musk stated that SpaceX would spend around $2B on Starship development in 2023 alone, and daily expenses for the program exceed $4M. Such robust funding allows multiple prototypes to be built and tested in parallel, so each failure leads to immediate improvements for the next vehicle. Additionally, SpaceX’s engineering culture prioritizes real-world hardware tests over lengthy design verifications typical of traditional aerospace. “Building to learn” is especially valuable when developing unprecedented systems. Demand from NASA and the U.S. military further accelerates progress. NASA’s Artemis schedule requires a functioning lunar lander soon, and the U.S. Space Force looks to Starship for potential heavy cargo delivery worldwide. These government contracts provide not just funding, but also a strong incentive to meet critical milestones.

Nonetheless, Starship’s ambitions carry significant technical obstacles. Complete reusability and an ultra-heavy rocket have never been done at this scale. For instance, the Raptor engine, though powerful, introduces the challenge of synchronizing 33 engines and mitigating any single-engine failure cascading to others. Additionally, precisely catching a massive booster without dedicated landing legs is unproven on a routine basis—while the first successful catch happened in 2024, reliability requires extensive iteration. Large-scale production, robust launch infrastructure, and environmental mitigation also remain. Regulatory approvals and community acceptance near the launch sites are crucial. In essence, Starship’s roadmap depends on a complex interplay of technology, funding, regulations, and politics. Progress can speed up or slow down based on these factors.

Collaboration with NASA & Other Government Entities

NASA collaboration is pivotal to Starship’s development. In 2021, NASA chose SpaceX’s Starship HLS as the first commercial lunar lander for Artemis, awarding ~$2.9B. Under this agreement, Starship HLS must meet NASA’s stringent human-rating standards and pass milestone reviews under the agency’s oversight. This public-private partnership, novel since the Apollo era, splits responsibilities between NASA and a private firm. From SpaceX’s perspective, NASA’s contract offers substantial funding and validation, enhancing credibility with other customers. Meanwhile, NASA experts in spacesuits, life support, and human factors provide critical feedback to refine Starship’s crewed design.

Beyond NASA, the U.S. military (particularly the Space Force and Air Force) also shows interest in Starship. The Department of Defense has explored rocket-based cargo delivery, awarding SpaceX a contract to study global rapid transport of military supplies within one hour. Governmental involvement underscores Starship’s value as a strategic asset. Political support can lead to further funding or program expansions. However, meeting federal safety, reliability, and security requirements can slow or reshape the program. Still, in the broader picture, NASA and government partnerships strengthen Starship’s financial and developmental future.

Economic & Political Considerations

Broader economic and political environments also affect Starship’s progress and the timeline for Moon/Mars missions. On the economic side, a steady flow of private capital is needed. SpaceX has raised billions in multiple funding rounds for both Starship and Starlink, with a valuation surpassing $150B. If macroeconomic conditions worsen and investor appetite declines, development pace could slow. Conversely, a breakthrough success might unlock even larger capital influx through an IPO or equity sale. Competition is another factor. Blue Origin’s New Glenn, ULA’s Vulcan, and China’s Long March 9 are all in development, fueling a new space race. To maintain America’s leadership, the U.S. government may strongly back Starship. Indeed, NASA in 2023 awarded a second commercial lander contract to Blue Origin to maintain competition and spur innovation. Politically, changes in administrations or congressional priorities can shift Artemis budgets or environmental regulations. Heightened U.S.-China rivalry might accelerate NASA and DOD collaboration with SpaceX, while more cooperative international climates could open partnerships with other nations (e.g., Japan’s dearMoon project). Thus, Starship’s schedule depends on multiple external drivers beyond SpaceX’s internal efforts.

Lunar Landing Estimates & Mars Exploration Timeline

Starship’s first lunar landing could happen as early as 2025 under NASA’s Artemis III mission, which aims to place two astronauts near the lunar south pole. However, many in the industry suspect a possible slip to 2026–2027, contingent on Starship’s readiness and successful tests. NASA has already adjusted timelines for Artemis IV/V, indicating that sustained lunar exploration with Starship HLS may begin around 2027. The key challenge is ensuring Starship’s ability to safely carry crew, requiring prior uncrewed landing tests and in-orbit refueling demonstrations. If SpaceX accomplishes these tasks in 2024–2025 and obtains NASA certification, a human lunar landing in the late 2020s seems likely. Meanwhile, the dearMoon project by Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa plans a private lunar flyby for artists, originally slated around 2023 but now delayed, likely until 2025–2026 or later. In short, both NASA-led missions and private initiatives aim to establish Starship lunar operations within this decade.

As for Mars exploration and colonization, projections are more cautious. Musk’s optimistic claim that humans could reach Mars by the late 2020s is met with skepticism by many in the space sector, who favor the early 2030s. SpaceX’s roadmap envisions unmanned Starship cargo missions in the late 2020s (e.g., 2026 or 2028 launch windows) to deploy infrastructure and rovers. If these missions succeed, the next favorable Mars transfer window in the early 2030s could see a crewed landing. Yet this assumes a seamless progression, ample funding, and strong political will. NASA’s official plans for a human Mars mission remain vague for the 2030s, focusing on the Moon first. If Starship matures technologically within five years and drastically cuts costs, a private Mars mission in the early 2030s is possible. If not, the timeline may stretch into the 2040s or beyond. In summary, Starship’s path to Mars ranges from a decade to several decades out, depending on tech breakthroughs, international collaboration, and sustained investment.

3. SpaceX Company Valuation

Current Valuation & Key Indicators

SpaceX is presently considered the most valuable private space company in the world. Recent private share sales imply a valuation of around $150B, surpassing legacy aerospace giants like Boeing (~$127B) and Airbus (~$116B). This positions SpaceX as the highest-valued aerospace/defense firm by market capitalization and reflects immense confidence in the “new space” era. Notably, SpaceX remains a private company, so exact figures can only be estimated via secondary share transactions and funding rounds. In the U.S., it is the most valuable unlisted firm, second globally only to ByteDance (TikTok’s parent). Elon Musk owns roughly 50% of the company, with the remainder held by various investor groups.

Rapid revenue growth underpins this valuation. In 2022, SpaceX reportedly made about $3.3B (with ~$2.3B from launch services and ~$1B from Starlink). Projections for 2023 double that to about $8B, fueled by an increase in annual launches from 61 in 2022 to around 80–90 in 2023, plus Starlink subscriptions surging from 500K to over 1.5M in the same period. The company now generates significant income from both launch services and subscription-based broadband connectivity—a shift from its earlier reliance on single-use launch contracts. While profitability remains uncertain—large R&D spending for Starship and Starlink’s large satellite investments could keep margins tight—SpaceX expects Starlink to turn profitable by 2023 and approach cash-flow neutrality overall. Investors are betting on the company’s future potential, focusing less on present earnings and more on metrics like launch frequency and Starlink subscriber growth.

Main Investors & Government Support

Aside from Musk, who holds about half of SpaceX shares, hundreds of institutional and venture capital investors hold the rest. Early backers included members of the so-called “PayPal Mafia” and leading VCs. In 2015, Google and Fidelity famously invested ~$1B. Since then, funds like Founders Fund, Sequoia Capital, Fidelity, Bank of America, Valor Equity Partners, and many others have joined multiple rounds. Over 200 entities now have stakes in SpaceX, making it one of the hottest pre-IPO investment opportunities worldwide. This widespread support reflects strong market confidence in Starship, Starlink, and the firm’s overall technological vision.

While the government does not directly hold equity, SpaceX secures substantial federal funding through contracts. NASA alone has awarded billions in Commercial Resupply Services (CRS), Commercial Crew (CCtCap), and Human Landing System (HLS) contracts. Additional revenue arises from NASA and military satellite launches each year. For instance, under the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program, SpaceX and ULA share major national security payloads from 2022 to 2027. Such government deals not only boost revenue but also serve as upfront R&D investments (e.g., NASA funding for Crew Dragon or HLS). Consequently, SpaceX’s growth leverages both private capital and robust public-sector support, which may continue as NASA and the Department of Defense rely on commercial providers for future exploration and defense needs.

Market Share & Differentiators vs. Competitors

One factor driving SpaceX’s high valuation is its near-dominance of the global launch market. The company launches dozens of missions yearly, covering a large segment of worldwide satellite demand. In 2023, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Heavy accounted for nearly half of all worldwide orbital rocket flights. For example, in Q1 2023, of 626 satellites launched globally, 525 were deployed by SpaceX—a massive lead over China’s CASC (27 satellites) and Russia’s Roscosmos (24). This performance stems from SpaceX’s pioneering rocket reusability, drastically lowering launch costs compared to expendable rockets from rivals like United Launch Alliance (ULA) or Arianespace. Whereas a Falcon 9 mission might cost around $67M, reusing the first stage can bring it down to ~$30M. Meanwhile, European Ariane or Japanese H3 rockets often exceed $100M, and ULA’s Delta IV Heavy can cost several hundred million. Hence, SpaceX secures the bulk of commercial launch contracts. The 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict, which disrupted Soyuz flights, further shifted customers to SpaceX, elevating its share to over 60% for LEO missions and likely more by total mass to orbit.

SpaceX’s core strength lies in rocket reuse. Falcon 9 boosters have been reflown up to 16 times, unmatched by any competitor. While Blue Origin has showcased suborbital reusability with New Shepard, no other company has matched SpaceX’s operational experience in orbital rocket reuse. Another advantage is SpaceX’s end-to-end vertical integration—launching its own Starlink satellites on company-built rockets, creating a streamlined decision process and cost savings. Moreover, SpaceX’s pace of innovation exceeds that of traditional players. Typically, large rockets take a decade or more to develop, but Falcon 1 took ~4 years, Falcon 9 ~2 years, and Falcon Heavy ~7 years. Starship reached its first test flight in ~5 years—a remarkably short time for such a massive vehicle. While others (Blue Origin, ULA, Arianespace, state-owned programs in Russia/China) are developing next-gen rockets, none yet rival SpaceX’s operational record or scale. Additionally, in satellite broadband, Starlink leads the LEO internet market, with OneWeb emerging from bankruptcy and Amazon’s Project Kuiper still in early phases. By diversifying across both launch services and satellite connectivity, SpaceX stands alone, further boosting its valuation.

Of course, dominance is never guaranteed. Competitors are investing heavily in reusable rockets, and governments may sponsor alternatives to avoid a SpaceX monopoly. Yet SpaceX enjoys a self-reinforcing loop: more launches → reduced costs → more customers → increased revenue → more reinvestment → better technology. As long as this cycle continues, SpaceX’s competitive edge seems solid.

Long-Term Revenue Streams (Starlink, Launch Services, Mars Ventures, etc.)

SpaceX’s long-term business model revolves around Starlink satellite internet and commercial launches, with future prospects in space tourism, planetary exploration, and Mars colonization.

Starlink: The company’s global LEO satellite network already operates in over 60 countries (in beta or full service). By 2023, it surpassed 1 million subscribers, each paying roughly $110 monthly, generating hundreds of millions in annual revenue. Elon Musk has projected Starlink could generate $30B annually at scale, provided it reaches millions of users worldwide. While upfront costs (satellite manufacturing & launches) are high, once the constellation is deployed, Starlink functions as a subscription-based service with steady cash flow. By late 2023, Starlink achieved near break-even monthly cash flow. SpaceX might eventually spin off Starlink in an IPO, though timing remains uncertain.
Launch Services: A major source of current revenue stems from Falcon 9/Heavy launches for NASA, the Department of Defense, and commercial satellite operators, each flight earning tens of millions of dollars. In 2022, SpaceX completed 61 launches (~$2.3B in launch revenue). That figure continues to grow as flight cadence rises. Starship is expected to slash per-launch costs further, enabling entirely new markets—mega-constellations, industrial-scale space factories, and huge telescopes become feasible at lower cost. This could spark exponential growth in payload launch demand. SpaceX may also explore in-space cargo transport, on-orbit refueling services, and eventually Earth-Moon or Earth-Mars transport for logistics. Owning the rocket infrastructure positions SpaceX to seize emerging space markets.
Space Tourism & Exploration Services: SpaceX already flew four private citizens to orbit on the Inspiration4 mission (2021) and delivered private astronauts to the ISS via Axiom-1 (2022). These flights used Crew Dragon, but a fully operational Starship could enable more ambitious tourism, such as lunar flybys (e.g., the dearMoon project) or even future Mars trips. Such adventure tourism commands high prices—potentially hundreds of millions of dollars per flight. SpaceX also executes NASA’s planetary missions and could, in the future, offer private exploration missions—perhaps selling data or mission services. Musk’s dream of Mars colonization suggests eventual ticket sales for prospective settlers, transporting habitats, and more. Though these are still visionary concepts, they represent a “massive future market” for the company.

In summary, SpaceX’s diverse revenue streams—Starlink broadband, launch services, and prospective deep-space ventures—appeal strongly to investors. They foresee sustained revenue plus the possibility of explosive growth if Starship fully delivers on its promise.

SpaceX IPO Potential & Stock Outlook

SpaceX remains privately held with no immediate plans to go public. Elon Musk has stated multiple times that the company will not IPO “before establishing a city on Mars” or until “Starlink has steady cash flow.” The rationale is to avoid quarterly shareholder pressures and allow bold, long-term investments—particularly for Starship, which requires high-risk, large-scale R&D. However, investors eventually require liquidity, so a public offering seems inevitable someday. The most likely scenario is a Starlink spinoff IPO, which Musk has hinted could occur once Starlink’s cash flow stabilizes. Rumors suggested a 2024–2025 timeframe if Starlink’s subscriber base grows and remains profitable, but Musk denied a near-term IPO in November 2023, saying it’s still premature. Experts predict 2025–2026 as a plausible target for Starlink’s listing, which would attract massive public interest as the world’s largest satellite internet provider.

An IPO of SpaceX as a whole could follow Starlink’s spinoff. The company handles sensitive defense contracts and advanced rocket tech, raising questions about foreign ownership or market volatility. Musk himself has said he doesn’t want Starship’s progress to be at the mercy of fluctuating share prices. Consequently, SpaceX may wait until Starship is operationally mature (potentially in the 2030 timeframe) before pursuing a full public offering. If and when it does list, it could rival Tesla in scale, given SpaceX’s $150B valuation and the hype around space travel. Yet, space ventures carry high risks and long development lead times, meaning any newly listed stock may see significant volatility. Some analysts also question the lofty valuations relative to current revenue, so actual pricing would depend on the firm’s track record at IPO time.

Until then, direct investment in SpaceX is limited to private equity markets. Indirect methods include space-themed ETFs or investing in partner companies that supply hardware to SpaceX. The most straightforward chance to buy shares might come with a Starlink IPO, given its proven revenue model. In any case, SpaceX’s eventual appearance on public markets is widely expected to be a milestone, attracting mainstream investors to the space industry. While exact timing remains fluid, observers anticipate a Starlink IPO within five years and a possible SpaceX IPO within the decade.

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